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以下のテキストは、『電子佛典』第3輯（2001年12月、東國大學校EBTI）に掲載された論文の提出原稿をHTML化したものです。実際に掲載されたものと異なる場合があると思いますが、ご了承ください。なお、本論文の執筆にあたって様々なアドバイスを頂いたチャールズ・ミュラー東洋学園大学教授に記して感謝申し上げます。
The SAT project, which is digitizing the Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經 in Japan, aims, in cooperation with the Chinese digital Buddhist canon society CBETA (located in Taiwan), at the construction of a new highly accurate electronic Buddhist canon. In the work of digitizing the Taishō, we have already dealt with many of the basic problems, such as encoding1 and missing characters2. But there are also very often more complex issues involved, such as in the case where the actual printed source has a wide range of spatial, graphically-oriented styles, which play a seminal role in expressing the author's theme. In this paper, I would like to offer a means for resolving the complexities that arise in the digitization of a text such as Euisang's Chart of the Dharma-realm of the Single Vehicle of the Huayan (화엄일승법계도, 華嚴一乘法界圖), and documents that include scores and other complex shapes found in the Taishō. This will be done by using the markup method named SVG.
The SAT project, which is digitizing the Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經 in Japan, aims at the construction of a highly accurate new electronic Buddhist canon. In the work of digitizing the Taishō, we have already dealt with many of the basic problems, such as that of encoding and missing characters. But there are also very often more complex issues involved, such as in the case where the actual printed source has a wide range of spatial, graphically-oriented styles, which often play a seminal role in expressing the author's thoughts.
fig. 1: the Chart of the Dharma-realm of the Single Vehicle of the Huayan [T45: 711a]
For instance, Chart of the Dharma-realm of the Single Vehicle of the Huayan (화엄일승법계도, 華嚴一乘法界圖) written by Euisang 義湘 (625-702), one of the most eminent early Silla新羅 scholar-monks, is a graphical figure as well as a text (fig. 1). For this reason, it is very difficult to digitize it in plain text format. The following is a thinkable solution to arrange the Chart in plain text format.
1887A,45,0711a11:死─涅─槃─常─共─和 是─故 界─實─寶─殿─窮─坐
1887A,45,0711a12:│ │ │ │ │ │
1887A,45,0711a13:生 意─如─出─繁 理 益 行 法 意─如─捉─巧 實
1887A,45,0711a14:│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
1887A,45,0711a15:覺 不 人─境 中 事 利 者 嚴 歸 資─糧 善 際
1887A,45,0711a16:│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
1887A,45,0711a17:正 思 大 能 昧 冥 得 還 莊 家 得 以 縁 中
1887A,45,0711a18:│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
1887A,45,0711a19:便 議 賢 入 三 然 器 本 寶 隨─分 陀 無 道
1887A,45,0711a20:│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
1887A,45,0711a21:時 雨 善 海─印 無 隨 際 盡─無─尼─羅 得 床
1887A,45,0711a22:│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
1887A,45,0711a23:心 寶 佛─十─別─分 生 叵─息─忘─想─必─不 舊
1887A,45,0711a24:│ │ │ │
1887A,45,0711a25:發 益─生─滿─虚─空─衆 法 佛─爲─名─勤─不─來
1887A,45,0711a26:│ │
1887A,45,0711a27:初─成─別─隔─亂─雜─不 性 餘─境 妙─不─守─自
1887A,45,0711a28: │ │ │ │ │ │
1887A,45,0711a29:十─方─一─切─塵─中 仍 圓 非 眞 徹 無─名 性
1887A,45,0711a30:│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
1887A,45,0711a31:含 即─念─一─念 亦 即 融 知 性 極 相 無 隨
1887A,45,0711a32:│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
1887A,45,0711a33:中 是 劫─即─一 如 相 無 所 甚─深 絶 寂 縁
1887A,45,0711a34:│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
1887A,45,0711a35:塵 無 遠─量─無─是 互 二 智─證─切─一 來 成
1887A,45,0711a36:│ │ │ │ │ │
1887A,45,0711a37:微 量─劫─九─世─十─世 相─諸─法─不─動─本 一
1887A,45,0711a38:│ │
1887A,45,0711a39:一─一─即─多─切─一─即─一─一─中─多─切─一─中
The above example is similar to that of CBETA. However, using this format, we cannot retrieve terms such as “法性” or “一即一切” which are very important for the Huayan / Hwaeom school, because the beginning character of the Chart “法” is not next to the second character “性”, and the box-drawing symbols also separate the characters from each other. As I have already noted, it is unnatural to represent two-dimensional layout through a one-dimensional format like plain text3.
In this paper, I would like to offer a means for resolving the complexities that arise in the digitization of a text such as the Chart, the musical scores for Shōmyō 声明, and other complex shapes as found in the Taishō. This will be done by using the markup method named Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), which is an open technology for describing two-dimensional vectors and mixed vector/raster graphics in XML.
SVG is an open-standard vector graphics language created as the XML vector-graphics format for the next-generation Web under the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and its members include Adobe, Apple, Corel, HP, IBM, Macromedia, Microsoft, Netscape, OASIS, Open Text, Quark, Sun, Xerox, etc. along with staff from the W3C. SVG is currently at the stage of Candidate Recommendation4.
A number of SVG viewers and editors exist5. Two major browsers, Netscape 4.x/6 and Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.x, can display SVG vector-graphics with the Adobe SVG Viewer plug-in. The Mozilla project also supports SVG. Adobe Illustrator 9 would be the easiest tool to encode SVG.
According to Ishii Kosei, the Chart was written under the influence of a popular style of Chinese poems in the Tang period6. The following is an example of encoding the Chart in SVG.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20000303 Stylable//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303/DTD/svg-20000303-stylable.dtd">
<svg xml:space="preserve" width="4.8in" height="4.2in" viewBox="0 0 480 420">
<!-- Text Area -->
<g>
<text x="230" y="230">法</text>
<text x="200" y="230">性</text>
<text x="170" y="230">圓</text>
<text x="140" y="230">融</text>
<text x="110" y="230">無</text>
<text x="80" y="230">二</text>
<text x="50" y="230">相</text>
(…)
<text x="260" y="410">舊</text>
<text x="230" y="410">來</text>
<text x="230" y="380">不</text>
<text x="230" y="350">動</text>
<text x="230" y="320">名</text>
<text x="230" y="290">爲</text>
<text x="230" y="260">佛</text>
</g>
<!-- Graphics Area -->
<g style="stroke:#990000;stroke-width:1.5;">
<path d="M 228 226 h -14 m -16 0 h -14 m -16 0 h -14 m -16 0 h -14 m -16 0 h -14 m -16 0 h -14 z"/>
<path d="M 56 234 v 14 z"/>
<path d="M 56 264 v 14 m 0 16 v 14 m 0 16 v 14 m 0 16 v 14 m 8 8 h 14 m 16 0 h 14 m 16 0 z"/>
<path d="M 124 376 h14 z"/>
(…)
</g>
</svg>
Each character of the Chart is tagged by a <text> tag with attributes representing its location. It is especially important that the characters in the example above were arranged in the order in which we read it in the Taishō. Consequently we can retrieve the terms or phrases of the Chart. The bars connecting the characters are no longer the barriers, because they are described by the empty element tags named <path>.
An SVG file can be embedded not only in a XML file but also in a HTML file using an <OBJECT> tag or <EMBED> tag. The following shows the HTML example of the Chart in which <OBJECT> includes the text of the Chart as its element for the user agents that cannot handle the <OBJECT> tag.
<OBJECT data="hokkaizu.svg" type="image/svg-xml" height=480 width=420> 法性圓融無二相 諸法不動本來寂 (…) 窮坐實際中道床 舊來不動名爲佛 </OBJECT>
fig. 2: the Chart on Internet Explorer 5.5 with the Adobe SVG Viewer>7
In esoteric Buddhist texts, we often encounter complex figures in which texts and graphics are mixed together. The following is the figure of The Foshuo Beidoujixing Yanming Jing 佛説北斗七星延命經 (T. No. 1803) describing The Big Dipper, in which each star has its name, personified figure, and talismanic drawing (zhoufu 呪符) which seems to be relevant to Daoism, with the exception of the sixth star who is attended with the smaller star.
fig. 3 the Esoteric drawing of the Big Dipper (T21: 425b)
The names of the stars (“貪狼星” etc.) and Katakana letters (“イ”, “ロ”, “ハ”, etc.) for representing the order of the stars should be encoded using <text> tags; on the other hand, the drawing of the constellation, personified figures and Taoist-like zhoufu might be encoded as vector or raster graphics.
Looking at zhoufu in detail, however, we can find that they are constructed with some Chinese characters. For example, in the seventh zhoufu, we can find two Chinese characters, “上” and “下” (fig. 4).
fig. 4 the seventh talismanic drawing of the Big Dipper
It would be difficult to regard these parts as Chinese characters or not. Sakade Yoshinobu interprets the words “不空” in the twelfth zhoufu on p. 3874 as representing the author of the zhoufu8. The digitization of zhoufu awaits further studies.
The following quote from The Jiyao Rangzai Jue 七曜攘災決 (T. No. 1804) are figures in which Chinese characters are arranged in the shapes of humans. The characters in the right figure are the stars (e.g. mao 昴 means the Pleiades). This shows the correspondence between an astronomical body and a human body.
fig. 5 Figure-like Characters [T. 21: 428b]
fig. 6 Figure-like Characters in SVG
At first sight, the order of the characters in the figures seems very simple: head to foot. The text, however, shows an unexpected order.
宿度法
東方七十五度 北方九十八度
西方八十度 南方百一十三度
角後井六至井十八前女初至虚初 斗後翼三至十五前婁七至胃七
奎後箕三至斗四前井三十二至柳七 井後危十五至室初前亢四至鵜七
亢後井十八至三十前女十至虚八 牛後軫十一至角六前胃三至昴二
婁後斗八至斗二十前柳七至星四 鬼後奎六至婁二前亢八至鵜十一
鵜後井二十七至柳三前虚十一至危十二 女後角二至亢二前昴初至畢二
胃後斗二十至牛六前星二至張八 柳後奎十至婁二前鵜十四至尾初
房後柳五至星三前危五至危末 虚後亢二至六鵜五前畢初至十二
昴後朱末至女末前張十至翼二 星後婁九至胃九前心初至尾十八
心後柳十至星末前危十至室五 危後鵜四至房初前嘴末至井三
畢後女十一至虚末前翼七至軫初 張後胃四至昴二前尾十五至箕九
尾後柳末至張五前室十一至壁七 室後心初至尾八前井七至十九
嘴後危四至十六前翼九至軫三 翼後胃九至畢十前斗四至十六
箕後張十一至翼四前壁六至奎九 壁後尾十二至箕二前十六至二十八
參後尾六至室初前翼末至軫三 軫後畢末至井初前斗二十一至牛七 (T. 21:427b18-427c6)
This shows that the order begins from jiao 角 and ends in zhen 軫. Thus the characters should be encoded in the following order:
<text transform="matrix(1.0002 0 0 1 120.8242 69.4648)"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29; &st33;">角</tspan></text>
<text transform="matrix(0.7071 -0.7071 0.7071 0.7071 119.6113 94.1313)"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29;">斗</tspan></text>
<text transform="matrix(0.6589 -0.7522 0.7522 0.6589 105.748 148.8755)"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29;">奎</tspan></text>
<text transform="matrix(0.6771 0.7359 -0.7359 0.6771 139.6387 139.6978)"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29;">奎</tspan></text>
(…)
<text transform="matrix(0.552 -0.5535 0.7081 0.7061 121.1201 63.209)"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29; &st35;">翼</tspan></text>
<text transform="matrix(0.6286 0.6518 -0.7198 0.6942 125.25 87.4233)"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29; &st12;">箕</tspan></text>
<text transform="matrix(0.6007 -0.6213 0.7189 0.6951 112.4795 139.4077)"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29; &st16;">壁</tspan></text>
<text transform="matrix(0.9444 0 0 1 127.0391 30.5591)"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29;">參</tspan></text>
<text transform="matrix(0.6259 -0.7799 0.7799 0.6259 105.2861 77.3389)"><tspan x="0" y="0" style="&st29;">軫</tspan></text>
The characters in fig. 6 should be also arranged the same as the stars (頤→脇→膝→頬→胸→脊→脛→脛→鼻→臆→腸→足→齒→臂→臀→頭→頂→臂→胯→胯→額→肩→心→腿→眉→肩→脇→腿→頬→手).
To sum up the characteristics of SVG we have seen thus far, we can say that SVG is a powerful solution for digitizing documents including both texts and graphics that are constructed in a two-dimensional layout. However, attention must be paid to the fact that the relationship between the texts or letters in an example is linear, in other words, one-dimensional. SVG does not suit non-hierarchical figures, such as word puzzles, palindromes, or some kind of map in which place names are written, and overlapping-hierarchical figures, such as some kind of family tree or Dharma-lineage chart, etc. The mark-up scheme for these kinds of documents still remains a matter to be discussed9.
. Tokyo: Kyoritsu-shuppan, 2001.
. Tokyo: Kōbun-shuppan, 1998. p. 197.
. Tokyo: Shunjū-sha, 1996. pp. 217-222.
Ed. Tachikawa Musashi and Yoritomi Motohiro. Tokyo: Shunjūsha, 1999. p. 167.